Python: Hierarchy of built-in types

This is the output of a python script that tries to print the class-hierarchy of Python built-in types

Note that OSError has three aliases (EnvironmentError, IOError and WindowsError) and that BuiltinImporter has one alias (__loader__).

BaseException Exception ArithmeticError FloatingPointError OverflowError ZeroDivisionError AssertionError AttributeError BufferError EOFError ImportError ModuleNotFoundError LookupError IndexError KeyError MemoryError NameError UnboundLocalError OSError (EnvironmentError, IOError, WindowsError) BlockingIOError ChildProcessError ConnectionError BrokenPipeError ConnectionAbortedError ConnectionRefusedError ConnectionResetError FileExistsError FileNotFoundError InterruptedError IsADirectoryError NotADirectoryError PermissionError ProcessLookupError TimeoutError ReferenceError RuntimeError NotImplementedError RecursionError StopAsyncIteration StopIteration SyntaxError IndentationError TabError SystemError TypeError ValueError UnicodeError UnicodeDecodeError UnicodeEncodeError UnicodeTranslateError Warning BytesWarning DeprecationWarning FutureWarning ImportWarning PendingDeprecationWarning ResourceWarning RuntimeWarning SyntaxWarning UnicodeWarning UserWarning GeneratorExit KeyboardInterrupt SystemExit BuiltinImporter (__loader__) builtin_function_or_method bytearray bytes classmethod complex dict enumerate filter float frozenset function int bool list map memoryview module property range reversed set slice staticmethod str super tuple type zip

This hierarchy was created with the following Python script:

builtin_types = {} def ensureTypeInDict(t): global builtin_types if not id(t) in builtin_types: builtin_types[id(t)] = { 'name' : t.__name__, 'aliases' : [], # special key to store names of aliases (for example: OSError is EnvironmentError is IOError is WindowsError) 'children': [] # type ids of children } for builtin_name in dir(__builtins__) + ['builtin_function_or_method', 'module', 'function']: if builtin_name == 'builtin_function_or_method': builtin_obj = type(dir) elif builtin_name == 'module': builtin_obj = __builtins__.__class__ elif builtin_name == 'function': builtin_obj = (lambda: None).__class__ else: builtin_obj = getattr(__builtins__, builtin_name) builtin_type = builtin_obj if not issubclass(type(builtin_type), type): continue if builtin_type is object: continue assert len(builtin_type.__bases__) == 1 type_name = builtin_type.__name__ base_name = builtin_type.__bases__[0].__name__ base_type = getattr(__builtins__, base_name) ensureTypeInDict(builtin_type) ensureTypeInDict(base_type ) if not id(builtin_type) in builtin_types[id(base_type)]['children']: builtin_types[id(base_type)]['children'].append(id(builtin_type)) if builtin_name != type_name: builtin_types[id(builtin_type)]['aliases'].append(builtin_name) def printTypeChildren(typeId, indent = -1): if indent >= 0: print(' ' * indent, end='') print(builtin_types[typeId]['name'], end='') if builtin_types[typeId]['aliases']: print(' (' + ', '.join(builtin_types[typeId]['aliases']) + ')', end='') print('') for child_id in sorted(builtin_types[typeId]['children'], key=lambda λ: builtin_types[λ]['name'].upper()): printTypeChildren(child_id, indent+1) printTypeChildren(id(object))

The script didn't report ellipsis, iterator, range_iterator, method, NoneType, traceback and possibly others.

TODO

function vs classmethod vs builtin_function_or_method

builtin in builtin_function_or_method does apparently not refer to built-in (default) Python, but that the function or method is written in C.

>>> def x(): pass
... 
>>> type(x)
<class 'function'>

>>> class CLS:
...    def meth(): pass
...    @staticmethod
...    def stat(): pass
... 

>>> type(CLS.meth)
<class 'function'>

>>> type(CLS.stat)
<class 'function'>

>>> obj = CLS()

>>> type(obj.meth)
<class 'method'>

>>> type(obj.stat)
<class 'function'>

>>> type(print)
<class 'builtin_function_or_method'>